Acute and chronic effects of using elevation training masks during exercise
a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28997/ruefd.v0i12.6Keywords:
Elevation Training Mask, Training in hypoxic conditions, Training in simulated altitudeAbstract
The so-called Elevation Training Mask (ETM) is marketed for the purpose of emulating the hypoxic conditions that prevail at different altitude levels. The present work reviews the studies that analyze the acute and chronic effects of using ETM on variables associated with physical performance. Although there is some controversy, most studies report an acute hypoxic effect and improvements in cardiorespiratory parameters derived from using ETM, in addition to being, in general terms, well tolerated. For strength training, the use of ETM could be detrimental. More studies with different populations and studies with longer interventions are needed.
References
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Andre, T. L., Gann, J. J., Hwang, P., Ziperman, E., Magnussen, M., & Willoughby, D. (2018). Restrictive Breathing Mask Reduces Repetition to Failure During a Session of Lower Body Resistance Exercise. The Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2103–2108.
Barbieri, J. (2017). Efeito do uso da máscara de restrição ao fluxo de ar (MRFar) sobre as respostas gasométricas, ventilatórias e eletromiográficas em exercício aeróbio contínuo e intervalado. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/332538
Bellovary, B., King, K., Nunez, T., McCormick, J., Wells, A., Bourbeau, K., … Mermier, C. (2019). Effects of high-intensity interval training while using a breathing-restrictive mask compared to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.144.11
Biggs, N. C., England, B. S., & Turcotte, N. J. (2017). Effects of Simulated Altitude on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Inspiratory Fitness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 128–136.
Deb, S., Brown, D., Gough, L., Mclellan, C., Swinton, P., Andy Sparks, S. and Mcnaughton, L. (2017). Quantifying the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise performance and capacity: A systematic review and meta-regression. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), pp.243-256.
Gaspari, A., Carvalho, L., Lopes Teodoro, C., Bertuzzi, R., Barroso, R., & Moraes, A. (2018). Is Elevation Training Mask a Strategy to Increase Lactate Clearance Through Respiratory Muscle Loading? The Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 32(9), e12. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002782
Granados, J., Gillum, T. L., Castillo, W., Christmas, K. M., & Kuennen, M. R. (2016). “Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(3), 755–762.
Granados, J., Jansen, L., Harton, H., Gillum, T., & Kuennen, M. (2014). Elevation Training Mask ” Induces Hypoxemia But Utilizes A Novel Feedback Signaling Mechanism. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2(6). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol2/iss6/26
Hess, H. (2017). Accute effects of the training mask on short-term recovery during rowing intervals. Boise State University.
Hultquist, E., Haley, Y., Moore, B., Blaser, E., Tirso, C., Mandy, D., & Woolstemhulme, J. (2018). A Novel Application of Altitude Training Masks and High-Intensity Interval Training to Improve Exercise Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000538790.25658.e2
Jagim, A., Camic, C. L., Jones, M. T., & Oliver, J. M. (2017). The Acute Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on Strength Performance in Recreational Weightlifters, (January 2018). https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002308
Jung, H., Lee, N., John, S., & Lee, S. (2019). The elevation training mask induces modest hypoxaemia but does not affect heart rate variability during cycling in healthy adults. Biology of Sport, 36(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2019.79976
Maher, M. T., & Figueroa, M. (2016). The Effects of Simulated Altitude Training on Aerobic Capacity and Function. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 6(2), 11–16.
Maspero, M. V, & Smith, J. D. (2016). Effect of an Acute Bout of Exercise using an Altitude Training Mask Simulating 12,000 ft on Physiological and Perceptual Variables. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2(8).
Motoyama, Y., Joel, G., Pereira, P., Esteves, G., & Azevedo, P. (2016). Airflow-Restricting Mask Reduces Acute Performance in Resistance Exercise. Sports, 4(4), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4040046
Mujika, I., Sharma, A. and Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine, 49(11), pp.1651-1669.
Öncen, C., & Pinar, S. (2018). Effects of training mask on heart rate and anxiety during the graded exercise test and recovery. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(2). Retrieved from https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/view/1418
Ott, T., Joyce, M., & Hillman, A. (2019). Effects of Acute High-Intensity Exercise With the Elevation Training Mask or Hypoxicator on Pulmonary Function, Metabolism, and Hormones. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003175
Porcari, J. P., Probst, L., Forrester, K., Doberstein, S., Foster, C., Cress, M. L., & Schmidt, K. (2016). Effect of wearing the elevation training mask on aerobic capacity, lung function, and hematological variables. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 15(2), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001184
Probst, L. (2015). Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on maximal aerobic capacity and performance variables. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved from https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/73388/Probst_Lauren_Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Romero-Arenas, S., López-Pérez, E., Colomer-Poveda, D., & Márquez, G. (2019). Oxygenation Responses While Wearing the Elevation Training Mask During an Incremental Cycling Test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003038
Sagaste, J. (2018). Influencia de la utilización de una máscara de simulación de altitud en combinación con el entrenamiento especifico de fútbol en el rendimiento aeróbico en jóvenes futbolistas (17 y 18 años). Universidad de León. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10612/8074
Saunders, P., Garvican-Lewis, L., Chapman, R. and Périard, J. (2019). Special Environments: Altitude and Heat. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), pp.210-219.
Segizbaeva, M., & Aleksandrova, N. (2018a). Effect of the Elevation Training Mask on the Functional Outcomes of the Respiratory Muscles. Human Physiology, 44(6), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119718060117
Segizbaeva, M., & Aleksandrova, N. (2018b). Effect of wearing the Elevation Training Mask 2.0 on pulmonary and respiratory muscles function. European Respiratory Journal, 52. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.PA3402
Sellers, J. H., Monaghan, T. P., Schnaiter, J. A., Jacobson, B. H., & Pope, Z. K. (2016). Efficaty of a Ventilatory Training Mask to Improve Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacity in Reserve Officers’ Training Corpos Cadets. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4), 1155–1160.
Shen, S. C., Nachalon, Y., Randall, D. R., Nativ-zeltzer, N., & Belafsky, P. C. (2019). High elevation training mask as a respiratory muscle strength training tool for dysphagia. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 139(6), 536–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2019.1605196
Teodoro, C. (2017). Efeito agudo do uso da máscara de restrição de fluxo de ar durante a realização de exercício resistido. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/332225
Warren, B. G., Spaniol, F. J., & Bonnette, R. A. (2017). The Effects
of an Elevation Training Mask on VO2max of Male Reserve Officers Training Corps Cadets. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 37–43. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1833&context=ijes
Andre, T. L., Gann, J. J., Hwang, P., Ziperman, E., Magnussen, M., & Willoughby, D. (2018). Restrictive Breathing Mask Reduces Repetition to Failure During a Session of Lower Body Resistance Exercise. The Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2103–2108.
Barbieri, J. (2017). Efeito do uso da máscara de restrição ao fluxo de ar (MRFar) sobre as respostas gasométricas, ventilatórias e eletromiográficas em exercício aeróbio contínuo e intervalado. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/332538
Bellovary, B., King, K., Nunez, T., McCormick, J., Wells, A., Bourbeau, K., … Mermier, C. (2019). Effects of high-intensity interval training while using a breathing-restrictive mask compared to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.144.11
Biggs, N. C., England, B. S., & Turcotte, N. J. (2017). Effects of Simulated Altitude on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Inspiratory Fitness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 128–136.
Deb, S., Brown, D., Gough, L., Mclellan, C., Swinton, P., Andy Sparks, S. and Mcnaughton, L. (2017). Quantifying the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise performance and capacity: A systematic review and meta-regression. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), pp.243-256.
Gaspari, A., Carvalho, L., Lopes Teodoro, C., Bertuzzi, R., Barroso, R., & Moraes, A. (2018). Is Elevation Training Mask a Strategy to Increase Lactate Clearance Through Respiratory Muscle Loading? The Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 32(9), e12. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002782
Granados, J., Gillum, T. L., Castillo, W., Christmas, K. M., & Kuennen, M. R. (2016). “Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(3), 755–762.
Granados, J., Jansen, L., Harton, H., Gillum, T., & Kuennen, M. (2014). Elevation Training Mask ” Induces Hypoxemia But Utilizes A Novel Feedback Signaling Mechanism. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2(6). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol2/iss6/26
Hess, H. (2017). Accute effects of the training mask on short-term recovery during rowing intervals. Boise State University.
Hultquist, E., Haley, Y., Moore, B., Blaser, E., Tirso, C., Mandy, D., & Woolstemhulme, J. (2018). A Novel Application of Altitude Training Masks and High-Intensity Interval Training to Improve Exercise Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000538790.25658.e2
Jagim, A., Camic, C. L., Jones, M. T., & Oliver, J. M. (2017). The Acute Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on Strength Performance in Recreational Weightlifters, (January 2018). https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002308
Jung, H., Lee, N., John, S., & Lee, S. (2019). The elevation training mask induces modest hypoxaemia but does not affect heart rate variability during cycling in healthy adults. Biology of Sport, 36(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2019.79976
Maher, M. T., & Figueroa, M. (2016). The Effects of Simulated Altitude Training on Aerobic Capacity and Function. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 6(2), 11–16.
Maspero, M. V, & Smith, J. D. (2016). Effect of an Acute Bout of Exercise using an Altitude Training Mask Simulating 12,000 ft on Physiological and Perceptual Variables. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2(8).
Motoyama, Y., Joel, G., Pereira, P., Esteves, G., & Azevedo, P. (2016). Airflow-Restricting Mask Reduces Acute Performance in Resistance Exercise. Sports, 4(4), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4040046
Mujika, I., Sharma, A. and Stellingwerff, T. (2019). Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine, 49(11), pp.1651-1669.
Öncen, C., & Pinar, S. (2018). Effects of training mask on heart rate and anxiety during the graded exercise test and recovery. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(2). Retrieved from https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/view/1418
Ott, T., Joyce, M., & Hillman, A. (2019). Effects of Acute High-Intensity Exercise With the Elevation Training Mask or Hypoxicator on Pulmonary Function, Metabolism, and Hormones. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003175
Porcari, J. P., Probst, L., Forrester, K., Doberstein, S., Foster, C., Cress, M. L., & Schmidt, K. (2016). Effect of wearing the elevation training mask on aerobic capacity, lung function, and hematological variables. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 15(2), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001184
Probst, L. (2015). Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on maximal aerobic capacity and performance variables. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved from https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/73388/Probst_Lauren_Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Romero-Arenas, S., López-Pérez, E., Colomer-Poveda, D., & Márquez, G. (2019). Oxygenation Responses While Wearing the Elevation Training Mask During an Incremental Cycling Test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003038
Sagaste, J. (2018). Influencia de la utilización de una máscara de simulación de altitud en combinación con el entrenamiento especifico de fútbol en el rendimiento aeróbico en jóvenes futbolistas (17 y 18 años). Universidad de León. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10612/8074
Saunders, P., Garvican-Lewis, L., Chapman, R. and Périard, J. (2019). Special Environments: Altitude and Heat. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), pp.210-219.
Segizbaeva, M., & Aleksandrova, N. (2018a). Effect of the Elevation Training Mask on the Functional Outcomes of the Respiratory Muscles. Human Physiology, 44(6), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119718060117
Segizbaeva, M., & Aleksandrova, N. (2018b). Effect of wearing the Elevation Training Mask 2.0 on pulmonary and respiratory muscles function. European Respiratory Journal, 52. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.PA3402
Sellers, J. H., Monaghan, T. P., Schnaiter, J. A., Jacobson, B. H., & Pope, Z. K. (2016). Efficaty of a Ventilatory Training Mask to Improve Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacity in Reserve Officers’ Training Corpos Cadets. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4), 1155–1160.
Shen, S. C., Nachalon, Y., Randall, D. R., Nativ-zeltzer, N., & Belafsky, P. C. (2019). High elevation training mask as a respiratory muscle strength training tool for dysphagia. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 139(6), 536–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2019.1605196
Teodoro, C. (2017). Efeito agudo do uso da máscara de restrição de fluxo de ar durante a realização de exercício resistido. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/332225
Warren, B. G., Spaniol, F. J., & Bonnette, R. A. (2017). The Effects
of an Elevation Training Mask on VO2max of Male Reserve Officers Training Corps Cadets. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 37–43. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1833&context=ijes
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Published
2019-11-30
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Parodi Feye, A. S., & Magallanes, C. (2019). Acute and chronic effects of using elevation training masks during exercise: a review. Revista Universitaria De La Educación Física Y El Deporte, (12), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.28997/ruefd.v0i12.6
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